The COVID-19 Pandemic and Tourism: A Multi-Level Synthesis of Global, European, Local and Traveler-Level Evidence
Keywords:
COVID-19, tourism demand, travel intention, tourism resilience, secondary data synthesisAbstract
The tourism industry has been affected like never before in recent history due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to understand the effects on different parts of the tourism industry using quantitative data. 5 sources were used from the years 2020-2021. These sources were the economic sector (Global), political (EU member states), city (Developing city in Vietnam) and personal (Travelers from Indonesia, Poland and USA). Secondary data was collected using a qualitative comparative method. No new data was collected. Original predictions indicated that international arrivals would fall by 60-80%. Airline revenues fell by approximately 55%. Between March 2020 and January 2021 an average reduction in overnight stays were seen within tourist accommodation in 24 EU countries. This ranged from 53.21% in the low impact cluster to 66.66% in the high impact cluster. Non-resident overnight stays fell by 75-81% in both clusters meaning the difference in impact was mainly down to domestic tourism. In Can Tho Vietnam managers had an average reduction of customers of 62.3% and revenue of 61.3%. Survey responses showed positive intentions to travel in the future with 78% of respondents in Jakarta intending to travel. Most people intended to travel within the next 6 months with a focus on short nature based breaks. It seems locations with a good domestic market, clear health measures and specific support for small businesses were more resilient to the effects of the pandemic.
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